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老托福93-02

📖 逐句深度分析

1. I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance, so that you're prepared for our discussion today.

我希望你们都读完了指定的关于保险的那一章,这样你们就为今天的讨论做好了准备。

  • 时态:现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
    • have finished: 强调动作在说话之前已经完成,且对现在的状态(准备好讨论)有影响。
  • 语法:
    • so that:引导目的状语从句,意为“以便,为了”。
    • assigned chapter:过去分词作定语,表示“被指定的章节”。
  • 短语:
    • be prepared for:为……做好准备。

2. But, before we start, I'd like to mention a few things your text doesn't go into.

不过,在开始之前,我想提几点课本里没涉及到的内容。

  • 句型:礼貌表达 (Politeness)
    • I'd like to (I would like to):I want to 更正式、礼貌的说法,常用于课堂或会议开场。
  • 语法:
    • things (that) your text doesn't go into:省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句。
  • 短语:
    • go into:详细探讨、深入研究(discuss in detail)。

3. It's interesting to note that insurance has existed in some forms for a very long time.

值得注意的是,保险以某种形式存在了很长一段时间。

  • 句型:形式主语 (Formal Subject)
    • It is + adj. + to do sth.: It 是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式短语 to note...
  • 时态:现在完成时
    • has existed: 表示从过去一直持续到现在的状态。
  • 短语:
    • in some forms:以某种形式。

4. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts.

最早的保险单就是我们要说的“冒险借贷契约”。

  • 词汇背景:
    • Bottomry contract:/ˈbɒt.əm.ri/(海商法术语)船舶抵押契约。这是古代的一种海上保险形式,船主以船只作抵押借款,如果船沉了,就不必还钱。
  • 语法:
    • what we called...:名词性从句作表语。
  • 短语:
    • insurance policy:保险单,保单。

5. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C.

早在公元前3000年,它们就为商人提供了航运保护。

  • 时态:一般过去时 (Simple Past)
    • 描述具体的历史事实。
  • 短语:
    • as far back as:早在……(用于强调时间之久远)。
    • provide sth. for sb.:为某人提供某物。

6. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements.

总的来说,这些契约通常只不过是口头协议。

  • 短语:
    • no more than:仅仅,只不过(emphasizes something is small or unimportant)。
    • verbal agreement:口头协议(与 written agreement 相对)。
    • in general:通常,大体上。

7. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn't have to be repaid.

它们向商人提供贷款,条件是:如果某批货物在海上丢失,贷款就不必偿还。

  • 语法:
    • with the understanding that...:在……的理解/条件下。这是一个非常正式的表达,用于引出协议的条款。
    • that 引导的同位语从句解释了 understanding 的具体内容。
  • 短语:
    • grant loans:批准贷款,发放贷款。
    • shipment of goods:一批货物。

8. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods.

贷款利息根据运输货物的风险程度而变化。

  • 语法:
    • how risky it was...how 引导的名词性从句作介词 to 的宾语。
  • 短语:
    • vary according to:随……而变化(描述变量关系的黄金短语)。
    • interest on:……的利息(注意介词用 on)。

9. During periods of heavy pirates at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably.

例如,在海上海盗猖獗的时期,利息金额和保单成本会大幅上升。

  • 短语:
    • go up:上涨,上升。
    • considerably:相当地,大幅度地(写作高频副词,替换 a lot)。
    • heavy pirates:这里 heavy 形容海盗活动频繁、严重。

10. So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade.

所以,你们可以看到保险是如何促进国际贸易的。

  • 逻辑: So 引导总结句。
  • 语法:
    • help (to) do sth.help 后面的不定式符号 to 常省略。

11. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available.

有了这种保护,即使是最谨慎的商人也愿意冒险长途运送货物,更不用说在恶劣的天气条件下运输了。

  • 短语 (重点):
    • not to mention:更不用说,何况(用于递进,强调后面的情况更极端)。
    • risk doing sth.:冒险做某事。
    • hazardous weather:恶劣/危险的天气。
    • be willing to:愿意做某事。

12. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages.

一般来说,自中世纪以来,保险单的基本形式几乎保持不变。

  • 时态:现在完成时
    • has been... since...:经典的完成时结构,表示从过去延续至今。
  • 短语:
    • generally speaking:一般来说(作独立成分)。
    • pretty much:几乎,差不多(口语常用)。

13. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today.

有四点在当时很显著,而在今天的保单中依然至关重要。

  • 词汇 (高级):
    • salient:/ˈseɪ.li.ənt/ 显著的,突出的。
    • paramount:/ˈpær.ə.maʊnt/ 首要的,至高无上的,最重要的。
  • 对比结构:
    • were... then vs remain... today:通过过去和现在的对比,强调规则的延续性。

14. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion.

这些(要点)在第六章中已经概述过了,并将作为今天余下讨论的基础。

  • 时态:一般过去时被动语态 + 一般将来时
    • were outlined (Past Passive):书里已经写了。
    • will serve as (Future):这节课将要用到。
  • 短语:
    • serve as the basis for:作为……的基础(学术讨论常用语)。
    • outline:概述,描画轮廓。

15. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?

谁能告诉我其中一点可能是什么?

  • 语气:委婉提问
    • might be:用 might 代替 is,表示推测和礼貌,给学生留有回答错误的余地,减轻压力。

✍️ 写作与交流技巧总结 (Takeaways)

这段材料是典型的学术讲座开场白 (Lecture Introduction),逻辑清晰,用词考究。

1. 描述“变化关系”的高级表达

在描述数据、价格或趋势随环境变化时,不要只会用 change with

  • 技巧: 使用 "vary according to..." (随……而变化)。
  • 原文: "Interest... varied according to how risky it was..."
  • 造句: Ticket prices vary according to the time of year you travel.

2. “递进强调”的逻辑连接

当你列举了一个论点,想进一步补充一个更极端的例子以增强说服力时。

  • 技巧: 使用 "not to mention" (更不用说……)。
  • 原文: "...risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions..."
  • 造句: He can speak French and Spanish fluently, not to mention his native English.

3. 设定“讨论基调”的学术用语

在论文或演讲中,需要明确某个理论或数据是后续讨论的核心。

  • 技巧: 使用 "serve as the basis for..." (作为……的基础)。
  • 原文: "...will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion."
  • 造句: This experiment will serve as the basis for our future research.

4. 引入“协议条款”的正式措辞

在商业或法律语境下,描述双方达成共识的条件。

  • 技巧: 使用 "with the understanding that..." (基于……的共识/条件)。
  • 原文: "...granted loans... with the understanding that if a particular shipment..."
  • 造句: We signed the contract with the understanding that the project would start immediately.